撰寫者:鮑勃·黑森(Bob Hesse),2012年2019月,編輯:奇普·黑森(Chip Hesse),XNUMX年XNUMX月
It is tough to fix problems that come into storage.修復存儲中的問題非常困難。 However, every grower experiences them.但是,每個種植者都會體驗到它們。 Arguably one of the most important tasks at harvest is knowing what you're bringing into storage.可以說,收穫時最重要的任務之一就是了解要帶入存儲的內容。 Whether the problems are related to weather or disease, temperature or moisture, attention to each of these factors must be considered to maximize yield and quality.無論問題是與天氣還是疾病,溫度還是濕度有關,都必須注意這些因素,以最大程度地提高產量和質量。
When your crop is basically healthy, you may be only halfway to market at harvest.當您的作物基本健康時,收穫時您可能只有一半進入市場。 After almost a year in storage it is pretty neat to find excellent quality coming out.經過將近一年的存儲,發現出眾的質量非常好。 But when problems are known at harvest, the situation can be completely different.但是,一旦收穫時發現問題,情況可能會完全不同。 The picture may require compromises that simply minimize loss until the crop can be sent to market.情況可能需要做出折衷,以盡量減少損失,直到將農作物投放市場為止。 The more you know about what you are placing in storage, the more likely you will successfully deal with any problems that exist at harvest.您對存儲的內容越了解,就越有可能成功處理收穫時存在的任何問題。
This article is intended to be a guide for Storage Management when problem potatoes are evident.當問題土豆很明顯時,本文旨在作為《存儲管理》指南。 The seven steps are intended to help shine a light on the factors that cause problems, and suggest techniques to minimize loss in storage when you must bring problem potatoes into storage.這七個步驟旨在幫助您了解導致問題的因素,並提出一些技巧,以在必須將有問題的馬鈴薯放入存儲庫時,將存儲損失降至最低。
Healthy potatoes, good uniform airflow, and a well-designed ventilation system is about all a storage manager could ask for when going into storage.健康的土豆,良好的均勻氣流和精心設計的通風系統幾乎是倉儲經理在入庫時可能會要求的。 About all that is left to worry about is, optimum suberization, wound-healing, and the market.剩下的所有問題就是最佳的干化,傷口癒合和市場。
With consideration for the other side, fear for Late Blight, Pink Rot, frost damage, or even wet potatoes brought into storage, both temperature and humidity management require walking a very fine line.考慮到另一面,擔心晚疫病,粉紅色腐爛,霜凍破壞甚至潮濕的馬鈴薯被帶入倉庫,溫度和濕度管理都需要走很細的路線。 There is definitely conflict between storage conditions for optimum suberization, and optimum disease control.最佳消沉的儲存條件與最佳疾病控制之間肯定存在衝突。 In order to minimize loss, a plan to deal with problems must be implemented.為了最大程度地減少損失,必須執行解決問題的計劃。
Management of pile temperature and humidity, during the first few weeks in storage is really a major balancing act when weather is not ideal.在天氣不理想的情況下,在存放的最初幾週內,對堆溫和濕度的管理實際上是一個主要的平衡行為。 It is virtually impossible to control most disorders with pulp temperatures much above 50°F for very long.紙漿溫度遠高於50°F的情況下,要長期控制大多數疾病實際上是不可能的。 And remember, suberization comes to a screeching halt below XNUMX°F.請記住,低於XNUMX°F的溫度會發生劇烈的震動。
A good and thorough risk assessment of the potatoes to be placed in storage should give you some idea of the presence of late blight, or other disorders in your crop.對將要儲存的馬鈴薯進行良好而徹底的風險評估,應該使您對晚疫病或農作物中的其他病害有所了解。 Most research authorities suggest a late blight infection greater than about 4% has little value going into storage.大多數研究機構認為,晚疫病大於2%的感染沒有什麼價值。 But, if less than XNUMX% of the crop coming into storage is infected, late blight infection can be managed.但是,如果不到XNUMX%的農作物受到感染,則可以控制晚疫病感染。 Hopefully notes are taken in each field during the growing season, and especially during the few weeks immediately prior to harvest will provide both the presence of problems, and temperature information.希望在生長季節在每個田地都做筆記,尤其是在收穫前的幾週內,這將同時提供問題的存在和溫度信息。
以下頁面提供了在收穫時處理問題馬鈴薯的建議。
We've broken our 7-Step Guide for Dealing with Problem Potatoes down into two parts.我們將處理問題土豆的2步驟指南分為兩部分。 First we'll be talking about the risks if placed in storage, dry conditions, and harvesting temperatures.首先,我們要討論的是存放,乾燥和收穫溫度下的風險。 And in Part XNUMX we'll talk about the dirty vs. clean potatoes, pulp temperature, air flow and storage temperature and moisture.在第XNUMX部分中,我們將討論髒土豆與乾淨土豆,紙漿溫度,空氣流量以及存儲溫度和濕度的關係。
讓我們直接進入第1步!
步驟1:知道將風險存放在倉庫中
A clear picture of each factor that influences storage risk is necessary.必須清楚了解影響存儲風險的每個因素。 As you can imagine, overlooking a single important detail from seed, right through growing, harvest, and storage, can preclude successful storage.您可以想像,從種子到生長,收穫和存儲,一目了然地忽略所有重要細節,可能會妨礙成功的存儲。 Any presence of Late Blight or other rot-producing disorders in your crop should become apparent if each of the following factors that influence disease propagation is carefully studied.如果仔細研究了影響疾病傳播的以下每個因素,則作物中是否存在晚疫病或其他腐爛病。 If the storage risk is too high due to excessive disease, wet, or frozen potatoes, place an all-out effort to go direct to the plant.如果由於過多的病害,潮濕或冷凍的馬鈴薯而導致存儲風險過高,請全力以赴直接進入工廠。 You may want to consider factors in addition to the ones presented here:除了這裡介紹的因素外,您可能還需要考慮其他因素:
因子 | 評論 |
種子 | 花時間研究並了解您的種子來源。 |
地面(土壤)歷史 | Has there been a history of problems?有問題的歷史嗎? Any volunteers?有志願者嗎? |
天氣歷史 | 注意生長季節中可能引起關注的任何天氣 |
化學控制 | 在控制問題期間,是否進行了所有必要的工作? |
鄰近領域的問題 | 注意附近田地的問題,包括淘汰豬糞和農作物的麻煩。 |
葉子指示 | 您在成長過程中註意到的內容,解決問題的方法以及收穫時的內容。 |
成長過程中的樣本 | 收穫時請參考您的筆記。 |
收穫成熟 | 重要提示:晚疫病的任何存在都必須在收穫前至少兩週殺死葡萄藤。 |
收割時的溫度,水分和凍害 | 控制腐爛太熱了嗎? 控制傷痕太酷了嗎? 太酷了,無法消遣? 霜凍損壞太多以至於無法儲存? 存放時太濕到不宜乾燥? |
步驟2:收穫乾燥
Respiration requires oxygen.呼吸需要氧氣。 Potatoes have to breathe.土豆必須呼吸。 If a large quantity of potatoes is placed in storage wet, sufficient, uniform air distribution must be available to dry the pile as quickly as needed.如果將大量土豆濕潤存放,則必須有足夠,均勻的空氣分配來使堆肥盡快乾燥。 Wet soil clings to damp or wet tubers.潮濕的土壤附著在潮濕或潮濕的塊莖上。 If any fungal or bacterial problem is present, a wet, warm environment is certain to encourage problems.如果存在任何真菌或細菌問題,則一定要在潮濕,溫暖的環境中引發問題。 So, avoid bringing potatoes into storage during rainy weather if you can, and especially from areas in a field that are constantly wet.因此,如果可能的話,請避免在陰雨天氣下將馬鈴薯存放起來,尤其是在田間持續潮濕的地方。 If you are without a choice, bring in equipment to help eliminate clusters of soil latched to potatoes.如果您別無選擇,請帶上設備以幫助消除積聚在土豆上的土壤。
帶入倉庫的濕馬鈴薯必須盡快乾燥。 封閉已經存儲的健康乾燥塊莖的管道,並關閉加濕,使用盡可能多的干燥外部空氣從存儲中排出水分,直到濕的塊莖表面的水分消失為止。 此過程可能需要增加熱量,特別是如果外部空氣溫度低於10ºС。 但是,不能完全犧牲絨頭溫度。 在此過程中,必須嚴密監視樁頂的水分和溫度。 這很重要,因為最後要乾燥的樁塊將恰好位於樁的頂面下方。 如果存在軟腐爛的跡象,則濕樁的進氣溫度應低於10ºС。
Since respiration is high during wound-healing, a wet pile will prevent an adequate oxygen supply to the tubers, and good suberization will be impossible.由於傷口癒合過程中的呼吸很高,因此濕堆會阻止向塊莖提供足夠的氧氣,並且不可能進行良好的消幹作用。 Free water is lethal, and wet potatoes cannot breathe.自由的水是致命的,濕的土豆無法呼吸。 Second step takeaways:第二步:
- 田間潮濕地區的馬鈴薯需要特別注意
- 避免在下雨天將馬鈴薯帶入倉庫
- 濕塊莖將更多的污物帶入存儲
- 濕的馬鈴薯表面促進細菌生長
- 馬鈴薯表面可防止傷口癒合
- 分級冷凍土豆
步驟3:低於18°С,高於8°CС
Infected tubers need to be cooled.感染的塊莖需要冷卻。 Bringing even a very small percentage of tubers infected with late blight into storage without the ability to exhaust heat is dangerous.將即使只有很小比例的受晚疫病侵襲的塊莖也不能放熱,這是危險的。 And harvesting infected tubers above 18ºС for storage is really gambling.收穫受感染的塊莖在8ºС以上進行存儲確實是一種賭博。 Pay close attention to weather forecasts.密切注意天氣預報。 The more appreciation you have for what's coming weather-wise, the more likely you will fit within ideal temperature guidelines.您對天氣情況的了解越多,就越有可能符合理想的溫度準則。 Make a sincere effort not to get caught having to bring spuds into storage cooler than XNUMXСF.做出真誠的努力,以免被卡子帶入低於XNUMXF的存儲空間。 Suberization is important, but suberization may have to be sacrificed if cold spuds with problems have to be stored.細化作用很重要,但是如果必須存儲有問題的冷樁,則必須犧牲細化作用。 Third step takeaways:第三步外賣:
- 儲存溫度高於18ºС的受感染或濕的塊莖可能無法成功儲藏
- 在儲存的第一周內必須從受感染的塊莖中清除熱量
- 掌握天氣預報,並著眼溫度和降雨計劃收穫
- 冷藏馬鈴薯變暖會導致馬鈴薯凝結
- 必要時犧牲犧牲,以控制腐爛